PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs). (GERUND VERBS ARE VERBS IN THE -ING FOR:"PLAYING/ LAUGHING/ STUDYING")

Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. 

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions – Time

English	Usage	Example
on	days of the week	on Monday
in	months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time(when?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
at	for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)	at night at the weekend at half past nine
since	from a certain point of time (past till now)	since 1980
for	over a certain period of time (past till now)	for 2 years
ago	a certain time in the past	2 years ago
before	earlier than a certain point of time	before 2004
to	telling the time	ten to six (5:50)
past	telling the time	ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until	marking the beginning and end of a period of time	from Monday to/till Friday
till / until	in the sense of how long something is going to last	He is on holiday until Friday.
by	in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time	I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English	Usage	Example
in	room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world	in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at	meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio	the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside	left or right of somebody or something	Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under	on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else	the bag is under the table
below	lower than something else but above ground	the fish are below the surface
over	covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (alsoacross) overcoming an obstacle	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	higher than something else, but not directly over it	a path above the lake
across	getting to the other side (alsoover) getting to the other side	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	something with limits on top, bottom and the sides	drive through the tunnel
to	movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed	go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed
into	enter a room / a building	go into the kitchen / the house
towards	movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	movement to the top of something	jump onto the table
from	in the sense of where from	a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English	Usage	Example
from	who gave it	a present from Jane
of	who/what does it belong to what does it show	a page of the book the picture of a palace
by	who made it	a book by Mark Twain
on	walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle	on foot, on horseback get on the bus
in	entering a car  / Taxi	get in the car
off	leaving a public transport vehicle	get off the train
out of	leaving a car  / Taxi	get out of the taxi
by	rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding)	prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
at	for age	she learned Russian at 45
about	for topics, meaning what about	we were talking about you

Exercises on Prepositions: 

For exercises, go to this website: 

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions

GEOENGINEERING (REPORTED SPEECH)

REPORTED SPEECH

http://www.tinyteflteacher.co.uk/learning-english/grammar/reporting-verbs.html

http://www.tinyteflteacher.co.uk/learning-english/grammar/exercises/reporting-verbs.html

NOW WATCH THE FOLLOWING VIDEO ON GEOENGINEERING AND USING REPORTING VERBS, WRITE A PARAGRAPH REPORTING WHAT DAVID KEITH SAID: 

Use at least 10 of the following verbs: admit, complain, claim, deny, report, add, remark, refuse, doubt, suggest, advise, reckon, encourage, insist, argue, recommend...

The beginning of the paragraph has been done for you.

Geoengineering is the intentional, large-scale technological manipulation of the Earth’s systems. It is also known as Climate Engineering because it is often discussed as a technological solution for combating climate change. It is a rather controversial issue. David Keith explained that...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XkEys3PeseA

Speech writing

HOW TO WRITE A SPEECH

“Half the world is composed of people who have something to say and can’t

and the other half who have nothing to say and keep on saying it”

-Robert Frost

Before writing your speech you should have a clear purpose and target audience in mind. Remember also to adjust the level of formality to the kind of speech.

OPENING PARAGRAPH

You should:      Get the attention of your audience by: a   raising a thought-provoking question (rhetorical question) a   citing a personal experience a   making a shocking statement a   narrating a comical situation or reciting a joke      Introduce your topic      State your purpose

BODY

ARGUMENT 1      POINT: Present your argument      REASON: Justify your argument      EXAMPLE: Give examples      SUMMARIZE: Summarize your point

ARGUMENT 2 PRES

ARGUMENT 3 PRES

CLOSING PARAGRAPH

General comments that summarize the main points of your speech. You may also:      Provide further comments for thought for your listeners.      Leave your audience with positive memories of your speech.      Choose a final thought to close your speech in an effective way. You can use a   a proverb a   a quote a  a well-known expression

     In persuasive speeches mainly consider the use of Rhetorical devices to support your ideas:

 RHETORICAL DEVICES

MOTHER'S TERESA NOBEL PRIZE SPEECH

Ø  Repetition Ø  Pattern of three (magic # 3) Ø  Parallelism Ø  Alliteration Ø  Metaphor and simile Ø  Rhetorical questions

Ø  Emotional appeal Ø  First person plural Ø  Personal involvement Ø  Direct address Ø  Quotes Ø  Facts and statistics